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Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Kubernetes Cluster Component Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and focuses on securing the core components that make up a Kubernetes cluster. It encompasses the security configuration and potential vulnerabilities of essential parts such as the API server, etcd, kubelet, container runtime, and networking elements, ensuring each component is hardened against attacks.

Topic 2

Kubernetes Threat Model: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and involves identifying and mitigating potential threats to a Kubernetes cluster. It requires understanding common attack vectors like privilege escalation, denial of service, malicious code execution, and network-based attacks, as well as strategies to protect sensitive data and prevent an attacker from gaining persistence within the environment.

Topic 3

Overview of Cloud Native Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and covers the foundational security principles of cloud-native environments. It includes an understanding of the 4Cs security model, the shared responsibility model for cloud infrastructure, common security controls and compliance frameworks, and techniques for isolating resources and securing artifacts like container images and application code.

Topic 4

Platform Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and encompasses broader platform-wide security concerns. This includes securing the software supply chain from image development to deployment, implementing observability and service meshes, managing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), controlling network connectivity, and using admission controllers to enforce security policies.

Topic 5

Kubernetes Security Fundamentals: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and covers the primary security mechanisms within Kubernetes. This includes implementing pod security standards and admissions, configuring robust authentication and authorization systems like RBAC, managing secrets properly, and using network policies and audit logging to enforce isolation and monitor cluster activity.

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q35-Q40):

NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following statements best describes the role of the Scheduler in Kubernetes?

A. The Scheduler is responsible for monitoring and managing the health of the Kubernetes cluster.
B. The Scheduler is responsible for assigning Pods to nodes based on resource availability and other constraints.
C. The Scheduler is responsible for managing the deployment and scaling of applications in the Kubernetes cluster.
D. The Scheduler is responsible for ensuring the security of the Kubernetes cluster and its components.

Answer: B

Explanation:
* TheKubernetes Schedulerassigns Pods to nodes based on:
* Resource requests & availability (CPU, memory, GPU, etc.)
* Constraints (affinity, taints, tolerations, topology, policies)
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - Scheduler):
* "The scheduler is a control plane process that assigns Pods to Nodes. Scheduling decisions take into account resource requirements, affinity/anti-affinity, constraints, and policies."
* Other options clarified:
* A: Monitoring cluster health is theController Manager's/kubelet's job.
* B: Security is enforced throughRBAC, admission controllers, PSP/PSA, not the scheduler.
* C: Deployment scaling is handled by theController Manager(Deployment/ReplicaSet controller).
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Scheduler: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/kube-scheduler/

NEW QUESTION # 36
Which of the following statements best describes the role of the Scheduler in Kubernetes?

A. The Scheduler is responsible for monitoring and managing the health of the Kubernetes cluster.
B. The Scheduler is responsible for assigning Pods to nodes based on resource availability and other constraints.
C. The Scheduler is responsible for managing the deployment and scaling of applications in the Kubernetes cluster.
D. The Scheduler is responsible for ensuring the security of the Kubernetes cluster and its components.

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 37
In Kubernetes, what isPublic Key Infrastructure (PKI)used for?

A. To manage networking in a Kubernetes cluster.
B. To monitor and analyze performance metrics of a Kubernetes cluster.
C. To manage certificates and ensure secure communication in a Kubernetes cluster.
D. To automate the scaling of containers in a Kubernetes cluster.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* Kubernetes usesPKI certificatesextensively to secure communication between control plane components (API server, etcd, kube-scheduler, kube-controller-manager) and with kubelets.
* Certificates enablemutual TLS authentication and encryptionacross components.
* PKI does not handle scaling, networking, or monitoring.
References:
Kubernetes Documentation - Certificates
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Cluster communication security and the role of PKI.

NEW QUESTION # 38
How can a user enforce thePod Security Standardwithout third-party tools?

A. Use the PodSecurity admission controller.
B. Through implementing Kyverno or OPA Policies.
C. It is only possible to enforce the Pod Security Standard with additional tools within the cloud native ecosystem.
D. No additional measures have to be taken to enforce the Pod Security Standard.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* ThePodSecurity admission controller(built-in as of Kubernetes v1.23+) enforces the Pod Security Standards (Privileged, Baseline, Restricted).
* Enforcement is namespace-scoped and configured throughnamespace labels.
* Incorrect options:
* (A) Kyverno/OPA are external policy tools (useful but not required).
* (C) Not true, PodSecurity admission provides native enforcement.
* (D) Enforcement requires explicit configuration, not automatic.
References:
Kubernetes Documentation - Pod Security Admission
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Policy enforcement and admission control.

NEW QUESTION # 39
A cluster is failing to pull more recent versions of images from k8s.gcr.io. Why may this be?

A. The authentication credentials for accessing k8s.gcr.io are incorrectly scoped.
B. There is a bug in the container runtime or the image pull process.
C. There is a network connectivity issue between the cluster and k8s.gcr.io.
D. The container image registry k8s.gcr.io has been deprecated.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* k8s.gcr.iowas the historic Kubernetes image registry.
* It has beendeprecatedand replaced withregistry.k8s.io.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Blog):
* "The k8s.gcr.io image registry will be frozen from April 3, 2023 and fully deprecated. All Kubernetes project images are now served from registry.k8s.io."
* Pulling newer versions from k8s.gcr.io fails because the registry no longer receives updates.
References:
Kubernetes Blog - Image Registry Update: https://kubernetes.io/blog/2023/02/06/k8s-gcr-io-freeze- announcement/

NEW QUESTION # 40
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